「她們」有許多稱呼，藝妓、「慰安婦」、侍應生、女服務生、茶室女、酒家小姐、酒吧女、公娼等，不同的時期她們以不同的身分出現，配合著那個時代、那個單位、那個場所。她們的工作內容相似，隨著每個時代每個身分會有不同的工作方式，身體的親密關係是她們工作的重點。
人們印象中的「她們」總是在霓虹閃閃的煙花界，甚少知道「她們」在島嶼的歷史縫隙中默默付出她們的溫柔。在台灣蜿蜒經歷了殖民、二戰、戰後、冷戰，直至經濟奇蹟的近代史中，她們以身體勞動支撐自己，或成為家庭的支柱，配合國家政策成為國家動員的一份子，執辦國家交給「她們」的任務。然而，她們的身體勞動被國族視為不光彩的過去，為了國家的良好形象，「她們」成為被遺忘的記憶。其實，「她們」一直存在於台灣歷史的角落，主流歷史的邊緣。
「旗飄揚下的她們」由島嶼歷史中的「她」思考親密關係勞動者如何成為國家動員的一環，日治時代公娼制度成為帝國擴張領土的政策之一；二戰期間遭受日軍性暴力的「慰安婦」；戰後國民政府來台反共復國旗幟下隨各地駐軍的軍中特約茶室，或是敬軍愛國的酒家小姐；與冷戰期間，陪伴在台美國大兵的酒吧女。
由之延伸的是台灣百年來，當女性身體成為國家機器的資源，國家如何動員「她們」為國家效力，從日治到冷戰後。此計畫試圖在這近百年不同時空卻相似的生命政治之間，串連起歷史的連續性，此連續性背後蘊含著國家機器中的男性中心思維，結合國家權力機制，體現在這些職業女人們的生命中。而她僅能以命運理解自己的處境。她們曾有故事、曾有名字，而如今我們僅僅只能以「她」帶過。這是個關於這些職業女人們的故事，被污名化的女人們的故事。
她們與我。曾經在參與同志運動之時而接觸公娼運動，這場運動帶給我深深震撼。近期性別與近代史是我藝術計畫所關注的，當我以「性別」的視角探勘這個島嶼的歷史，不斷在各個時期、各種資料中，見到她們稀微的身影，我開始索尋她們的足跡，尋找她們的過去，竟發現「她們」與台灣這個島嶼的政權更迭、經濟脈絡息息相關，在這難以啟齒的勞苦職業背後是關於國家、戰爭與權力。我思考若是以「她們」的視角來拼湊歷史，那會是一個怎樣的台灣現代史故事。
當「她們」以身體溫柔的懷抱著這汙名的工作，默默地承受台灣近代史的曲折與不堪銘印，本計畫以藝術之名回報她們的溫柔。在流動的電影影像與瞬間的攝影時刻中，藝術的召喚術，召喚逝去的集體記憶。她們的故事，就是我們的過去。
These women had been called many names—geisha, comfort women, waitrees, waitresses, tea girls, liquor house girls, bar girls, licensed sex workers, and so on. They often showed up in the particular identity that a particular era, unit, or place needed them to be. Their ways of working might have changed for the era and their identity’s needs, but these women’s jobs were all similar—a major part of them was about sexual interactions.
People tend to have the impression that these women worked in the shiny sex-related entertainment industries. Little did they know about their silent dedication of their softness to the nation in the course of Taiwan’s history. Throughout Taiwan’s modern history, from Japan’s colonization, World War II, the post-war period, the Cold War, to Taiwan’s Economic Miracle, these women had been supported themselves or their families with their sex-related labor. They became a part of national mobilization whenever the policies demanded and they always carried out the tasks assigned to them by the government. Nevertheless, this sort of sex-related labor has been considered the disgraceful past of history by the nation. For a better image of the nation, these women had no choice but to be forgotten in people’s memories. They had always existed on the periphery of Taiwan’s so-called mainstream history.
Herstory Under the Flying Flag discusses how “these women”, the sex-related laborers, became a part of the national mobilization in Taiwan’s history. During the Japanese ruling period, the legal prostitution system had become one of Japan’s territorial expansion policies. In the post-war period, there were the patriotic liquor house girls; and the military paradises set up by the anti-communist Nationalist government with a mission of national salvation. Last but not least, there were also bar girls that accompanied the U.S. soldiers in Taiwan during the Cold War.
We could not help but wonder how the nation mobilized these women and used their bodies as a resource of the state apparatus throughout Taiwan’s modern history, from the Japanese ruling period to the post-Cold War period. This project attempts to connect all these similar biopolitics from different eras and illustrate a certain continuity in Taiwan’s history. Behind this continuity is the male-centered thinking in the state apparatus which, in combination with the state power mechanism, was reflected in the lives of these professional women. And these women could merely believe that the situation they were in was just their fate. These women, who had names and stories to tell, can only be referred to as “she” nowadays. This is a story about these women, these stigmatized women.
These women and I. Once I came into contact with the Sex Work Rights’movement while participating in the gay movement. This movement shocked me deeply. Recently my art projects often focus on gender and modern history. When I went through Taiwan’s history from the perspective of gender, I constantly saw traces of these women in all kinds of historical data. That was when I started to look for their footprints and figure out their past. To my surprise, these women’s past was highly related to the regime shifts and economic contexts of Taiwan. Behind this so-called embarrassing job of theirs, it was also about the nation, the wars, and the power. I wondered what a story of Taiwan’s modern history would be if it is told from these women’s perspectives.
These women softly embraced their stigmatized job with their bodies, and silently took in all the shame as well as all the twists and turns in Taiwan’s modern history. This project returns their tenderness in the name of art. With the dynamic images and the photographic moments captured, this project uses art as the spell to summon the long-forgotten collective memories. These women’s stories are indeed our past.
“Herstory Under the Flying Flag ” art project presented through digital photography, experimental film, installations, and documentary.
《太陽旗下的情死》
Suicide for love under The Sun Flag
2021，Digital Photography，數位攝影
日治，公娼制度的引進是為了在台日人
1895 年，台灣成為日本第一個海外殖民地，日本政府派遣軍隊與人員接收台灣。為了保護作為統治者的日本男性之健康，作為性病蔓延與的預防對策，殖民政府將日本內地的公娼制度引進於台灣，並在各地設置「遊廓」作為合法的性產業專區。為了使該外地具備猶如內地般的買賣春市場與環境，殖民政府與民間業者配合引進日本人娼妓前往台灣，提高日本人到殖民地移住意願。性的治理成為日本帝國擴張殖民地之政策之一，公娼制度的實施不是為了台灣人，而是為了在台日本人。
《太陽旗下的情死》故事來自《臺灣日日新報》，日本來台的川村是艋舺遊廓稻六高樓的藝妓，李姓男子是一名在大稻埕商會擔任通譯的台灣人，兩人相戀，男女之情濃得讓人羨慕。川村欲從遊廓脫身，李男盜用公款三千餘圓，最終樓主仍不讓川村脫籍。某夜，兩人在月光的陪伴下前往北投紗帽山，以紅絲纏身，相抱自焚，情死換取自由。
During Japanese governance, the introduction of the public prostitution system is for Japanese men in Taiwan, not for Taiwanese.
In 1895, Taiwan became Japan’s first colony overseas. In order to protect health of the Japanese male as the rulers, the legal prostitution system in Japanese mainland was introduced to Taiwan by setting up “licensed red light areas” as the legal sex industry special district. In order to provide Taiwan, which was regarded as the extended territory, with the same market and environment for prostitution as the mainland, the colonial government cooperated with the private sector, sending Japanese prostitutes to Taiwan to entice Japanese into migrating to their colony. Actually, governing sex had become one of the policies for the Japan Empire to expand its colonies; that is, the practice of the legal prostitution system had not set up for Taiwanese but for the Japanese men in Taiwan.
The story “Suicide for love under The Sun Flag” is derived from “Taiwan Daily News”. The plot is about a geisha coming from Japan fell in love with a Taiwanese man Li. The Geisha tried to get rid of the legal red light area; however, the boss refused to let her go. One night, the lovers entangled themselves by red silky rope, holding each other and burning themselves to exchange freedom with their death for love.
《慰安－軍需品》
Military necessities for comfort
2021，Digital Photography，數位攝影
二戰，日本帝國殖民下的台灣「慰安婦」
日本帝國於二戰前積極向外進行軍事擴張，在海外引入公娼制度，為因應軍人性需求，在各地部隊設置慰安所。二戰期間，日本政府以「慰安婦」（Comfort women）新造語徵召國內與殖民地女性前往戰場、日本統治區，為日軍提供性服務。台灣作為日本殖民地，也成為日本帝國動員的對象。戰爭期間，「慰安婦」遭受到日軍極不人道的性暴力與虐待奴役，身心俱創、傷痕累累或死於戰場。
在戰爭結束數十年後，由於台灣缺乏對於「慰安婦」歷史脈絡性的理解，甚至誤解，「慰安婦」議題在政治角力中被策略性的模糊失焦。人們只能以「被迫的良婦或自願的娼婦」二元性的理解「慰安婦」的歷史面貌，然而如此二元的選擇性記憶其實隱含了對女性與性工作者的歧視(與另一種壓迫)，撕裂人們對「慰安婦」歷史的理解，造成對於台灣集體人民的再度傷害。我們應超越現今政治情勢的架構與思維，更全面的理解「慰安婦」的歷史脈絡與當時被殖民台灣的社會結構，深入思考慰安婦議題，才能夠讓集體的歷史傷口慢慢癒合。
「慰安_軍需品」，戰時，「慰安婦」搭乘的運輸船如果被擊沉，軍方是按「軍需品沉沒」處理，即使死於戰場，也不能獲得甚麼勳章或撫卹。日本政府以「慰安」如此正面曖昧的用語，在戰爭愛國氛圍下徵召女性從事「慰安婦」，「慰安婦」卻承受了如同「物品」般的「非人」對待。
In World War II, the “Comfort women” under the Empire of Japan’s colony
Before World War II, the Japanese Empire actively conducted external military expansion. To meet the soldiers’ sexual need, the comfort stations were set in the army in many sites around Taiwan. During World War II, with the newly created term “the comfort women”, the Japanese government recruited their domestic women and the women in their colony to the war field and the areas governed by Japan to provide sex services to the Japanese soldiers. As the colony, Taiwan had also become the Japanese Empire’s mobilization object. During the war, the “comfort women” were treated extremely inhumanly, including sexual violence, abuse, and slavery, which hurt them both physically and mentally, and even resulted in wounds or death in the war field.
“Military Necessities for Comfort”: In the wartime, if the transportation ships with the“Comfort women” were attacked and sank, the military sector would treat them as “the military necessities sinking”. Even when the comfort women died on the war field, they could not receive any medals nor pension. The Japanese government used such positive as well as ambiguous term, “comfort”, to recruit the female to serve as the “Comfort women” in the army under the patriotic atomsphere of the wartime. Unfortunately, those “Comfort women” had to endure to be treated “inhumanly” as anobject”.
《敬軍花》
Patriotic Flower
2021，Digital Photography，數位攝影
戰後初期，敬軍愛國的酒家小姐
國民政府來台後，新的國家機構藉由新法對消費空間進行重新劃分，在戰時節約反共復國的思維下，酒樓、酒家被視為奢侈消費，要求酒樓、餐館改制為「公共食堂」，同時設立形同「公娼」業的「特種酒家」。
1956年，在戰時氛圍下，為響應政府春節節約勞軍號召，軍人之友社首先在新公園音樂廳舉行「敬軍花」義賣會，義賣花朵所得將作為勞軍使用。台北市鳳仙等十九家酒家將各推派女服務生代表參加「敬軍花」義賣運動，報紙也刊出一系列多篇「敬軍花」義賣相關報導。站在台上的「她們」因為這次義賣受到國家「敬軍愛國」的表揚，也是「她們」難得能有機會在台上為自己發言的時刻。
The Beginning of the Post-War Period: The patriotic liquor house girls that honored the soldiers
After the Nationalist Government came to Taiwan, the new national institution re-deployed the consuming space by the new law. In the war-time atmosphere, the public liquor house and the female workers– the liquor house girls were also treated by the National Institution as the called-up resource and took part in activities of fundraising and entertaining/honoring the army.
“Patriotic Flower”: In 1956, in the war-time atmosphere, in order to respond to the
Government’s New Year economically entertaining the army recruit, the “Public Liquor Houses Patriotic Flower” provided fundraising sale in 19 liquor houses for 20 days. The fundraising sale of flowers were all donated to the army. In this event, more than one thousand liquor house girls participated together, and the newspaper published a series of the Patriotic Flower’s fundraising sale related repots. The liquor house girls with the best performance in the fundraising stood on the stage to be praised as the best seller, the liquor house girls were praised as “honor the army and love the country” by our nation. This was a rare opportunity for these women to be praised by the country and speak for themselves on stage.
《台美合作》
Taiwan-U.S. Cooperation
2021， Digital Photography，數位攝影
冷戰時期：美軍駐台
自五○年代的韓戰開啟冷戰格局，美國陸續在東亞地區打造軍事島鏈，簽署了一系列共同防禦協定。冷戰期間，美國以台灣作為美軍的後勤中心，大批美軍駐台。1965 年越戰爆發，美國指定台灣為駐越美軍的渡假地點，在台灣設立官兵度假中心，啟動「R&R（Rest and Relaxation）美軍休息復原計劃」，台灣成為提供美軍心靈補給和身體慰藉的休息地。服務美軍的各式產業接連出現，包括咖啡廳、酒吧、俱樂部，以及提供美軍的「性服務業」。「吧女」即是在此結構下出現的行業，與公娼制度類似，政府發與牌照並定期接受身體檢查。據統計，1965~1970 年間，台灣從美軍消費賺取的外匯就高達三千五百多萬美元，其中一大部分不可否認是仰賴服務美軍的吧女與性工作者所賺取。70 年代中期，越戰結束，駐台美軍銳減，隨著台美斷交，美軍酒吧街也在八○年代漸漸消逝。
Cold War Period: The US Army Stationed in Taiwan
Since the Korean War in 1950s started the cold-war phase, the US had consistently constructed the military island chain in Eastern Asia, and signed a series of Mutual Defense Treaties with Taiwan. During the Cold War Period, the US took Taiwan as their troops’ logistics center, and sent a large quantity of troops to station in Taiwan. In 1965, the Vietnam War exploded, and the US appointed Taiwan as the vacation location for the US troops stationing in Vietnam by establishing the Officers and Soldiers Vacation Center in Taiwan. With starting “R&R” (Rest and Relaxation), Taiwan became the resort that provided the US army the spiritual supply and physical comfort. One after another, various kinds of industries emerged to serve the US soldiers, such as coffee shops, bars, clubs, and the “sex industry” for the US soldiers. “Bar girls” industry appeared under such structure. Similar with the public prostitute system, the government would issue license and had the girls receive health check periodically.
《如果她有一台相機》
If She Had a Camera
2021，Digital Photography，數位攝影
如果她有一台相機
1967 年 12 月時代雜誌刊登了一篇報導介紹「駐越美軍的休息復原計畫」專文，文中如此介紹台北：「台北除了故宮博物院豐富的中國文物收藏外，很少有文化古蹟可以欣賞，但卻以女人的柔順和食物的精美，選為美軍度假城市」。並刊登了一張美國大兵與北投侍應生共浴的照片，這張照片刊出後，1968 年 1 月照片中化名美玲的侍應生遭到陽明山警察所以妨害風化罪移送台北地檢處，並以公然猥褻罪將美玲移送法辦，拍攝地點文士閣旅社也奉令停業一星期。報紙更以「洋相出到外國，此事要問一番」標題報導美玲於地檢署應訊，美玲解釋她不知被人偷偷拍照，更不知道會被刊在外國的雜誌上；她是有照的陪浴女郎，與人共浴是合法的。拍攝這張照片的美國記者事後曾向新聞局提出要求反對懲處旅館及陪浴女，也有社論認為政府的懲處矛盾，最終，美玲與旅館業者均獲不起訴處分，全案在1月底終結。《如果她有一台相機》這件作品回應時代雜誌事件，如果「她」有台相機，將照相機的角度轉向，視角轉換，從她的視角會看到甚麼？
If She Had a Camera
In December, 1967, the Times magazine published an article that introduced the “Rest and Relaxation Plan for the US Army Stationed in Vietnam”. In that article, there was a photo of an American soldier taking bath with a waitress in Taipei. After this photo was published, the waitress in the photo was brought to justice by the police with public indecency. Moreover, the newspaper even reported with the title “An Embarrassing Sight to be Seen by Foreigners”. The waitress explained that she had no idea of being taken picture stealthily, and she was a bath accompany girl, so it was legal to take a bath with others. Finally, she was not prosecuted. The artwork “If she had a camera” responded the Times magazine event. In other words, if“she” had a camera, she would have turned the angle of shooting a photo. When the viewing angle had been changed, what would she have seen from her own angle of sight?
《清，二一事件》
The Soldier Need Love
2015，Digital Photography，數位攝影
清，二一事件
1972 年 4 月 21 日，在台中清崗基地附近工作的吧女清，被駐紮在台灣的美軍魯茲虐殺。當時為「鞏固中美邦誼」，政府總是以息事寧人的態度來處理美軍犯罪，但此事件引起當時台灣人民的憤慨，迫於社會輿論的壓力，於是對殺人兇犯魯茲僅輕判 18 個月有期徒刑。但是魯茲不服判決，提出上訴。台灣當畏懼美國的壓力，竟然宣佈：「魯茲于 1970 年 2 月末來臺，支援我反共戰爭，不無勞績，得依法減輕期刑二分之一。」引起當時台灣社會嘩然。
Soldiers Need Love
In April, 1972, the bar girl Ching working near Taichung airport was abused and killed by the US soldier Luz. In order to “Strengthen the Taiwan-US friendship”, the government made concessions to avoid trouble with US soldier’s crimes. However, this event aroused Taiwan people’s anger, so the murderer Luz was sentenced to 18 months’ imprisonment under the society pressure. Luz appealed against the adjudication. Then, under the fearing and pressures from the US, Taiwan announced that “Luz came to Taiwan in February, 1970, to support our anti-communism war. He is not without performance, so his sentense was lessened to 1/2 of the original adjudication based on the law”. Such judgment agitated the Taiwan society tremendously at that time.
《軍中樂園》
Military Paradise
2021，Digital Photography，數位攝影
軍中特約茶室 1951～1992
1949 年，國民政府來台，當時台灣面臨冷戰的國際情勢與二次大戰、國共戰爭遺留的問題，國家武力仍備受重視。當時政府在維持戰力的考量下，頒布《限婚令》限制軍人的婚配自由，嚴格規定在訓或現役軍人不得結婚的限制。軍方考量軍人性需求，避免嫖私娼、感染性病、強姦婦女、自殺、逃兵等情況發生，國防部以「台灣省各縣市管理娼妓辦法」為法源依據，參照公娼模式設立「軍中特約茶室」，透過軍中特約茶室（最初名為軍中樂園）的設置以穩固軍心，目的是「為調劑官兵身心健康、解決官兵性需求」。冷戰的終結與戰時體制的崩解，解嚴後各地駐軍逐年減少，加上女權意識抬頭，直至 1992 年，軍中特約茶室隨著台灣社會變遷而撤廢，軍中樂園走入歷史。
《軍中樂園》
在性病防治上，軍方偏重對侍應生的身體管理，將侍應生的身體視為性病防治的手段，以維護軍人健康與減少兵力耗損。軍方規定侍應生性交後使用過錳酸鉀稀釋液或白醋稀釋液洗滌陰道，除了定期的性病檢查，每週需注射青黴素（Penicillin，盤尼西林），長期的每周施打，超乎正常使用頻率，侍應生的身體宛如工具性的使用，讓侍應生承擔了未知的身體風險。
The Special Tea House (the Military Brothel) in the army 1951~1992
In 1949, the National Government arrived at Taiwan. Then, Taiwan encountered the international situation of the Cold War, and the problems left by the World War II and the Chinese Civil War. Under such premise, the national armed force still played an important role. Considering maintaining the armed force, the government then announced “Military Marriage Restriction” to limit the soldiers’ freedom of getting married, strictly regulating that the in-training or in-service soldiers were forbidden to marry. In consideration of soldiers’ sexual demandto prevent them from visiting the private prostitutes, infecting sex diseases, raping women, committing suicide, fleeing from army, and etc., the Ministry of National Defense set up “the Special Tea House in the Army” according to the public prostitute model based on the “Regulation of Prostitute Management in the Cities/Counties in Providence of Taiwan”,. Through the establishment of a special tea room in the military (originally called the military paradise), the military’s mind was stabilized. Besides, the goal ofmoderate the officials’ and the soldiers’ mental and physical health, and meet their sexual need” was fulfilled. With Cold War coming to the end and the war-time system collapsing, the station troops decreased year by year after lifting of the martial law. On the other hand, feministic consciousness raised; as a result, the Special Tea House in the army was abolished, and the Military Paradise faded into history as the society in Taiwan changed.
《旗飄揚下的她們》
Herstory Under the Fling Flag
2023，電影短片，Film，23 min
像是一場夢，從日治時代到八零年代，不同的面孔與身體，怎麼會有如此相同的命運？難道是輪迴嗎？卻是確切發生的，一個個有名有姓的女子，順著島嶼時代洪流而生的，她們青春編織的檔案。
十九世紀末，台灣成為日本第一個殖民地，日本渡海來台的游女愛上台灣男子，相愛的兩人無法償還游女的身契，在夜晚前往紗帽山，紅絲帶纏繞，共赴火光。二戰期間，海面上一艘起火的日本軍艦，漂流的彈藥箱，女鞋，長髮，斷肢，漂浮著……回家。
國民政府來台，紅布幕的禮堂，酒家小姐在台上接受敬軍花頒獎表揚：我們不只燈紅酒綠，我們同樣有一顆愛國的心。七零年代美軍酒吧，窗邊情人雅座，美國大兵與吧女的約會，彼此半年的約定。一張沸沸揚揚的美國大兵雙飛共浴照，被肉搜的侍應生，如果時空凝結在浴室，如果侍應生有一台相機……。
金門軍中茶室，三位侍應生互道家常，一個正在打毛線，一個正在念家裡寄來的信，一個正在數著自己手中的票，她們聊著昨天去做體檢，聊著那個長官不戴套。這天，她們來到溪邊，白雲、綠地、白衣女子，是她們的夢境是她們的儀式。
她與她，說著我們的故事。
Herstory Under the Flying Flag illustrates how Taiwanese women were commodification and earing for the “Nation” throughout Japanese rule, Kuomintang government and U.S. aid period. Under Japanese rule, the army cheated Taiwanese young women as well as recruited Japanese prostitutes to systematically become “comfort women” as tool to keep soldiers healthy and happy. In early Kuomintang government immigration to Taiwan, the “waitrees” and “waitresses” were brougnt into “Patriotic Flowers” campaign to raise “charity” fund for Kuomintang army to fight against the Communist China. When it comes to U.S. aid period, these women transformed to “bar girls” who provided girlfriend and wife experience for G.I. Joe in this lonely exotic semi-tropical island. Their real names and living stories are erased by the nation and period whatever they were been though, such as a geisha paying the debt for her family, a comfort women cheated to work in Pacific war field for poverty alleviation, or a “flower” with patriotism. Under the national flag with “great expectation,” all their love, affection and life seem to be so insignificant that nobody sees. This film tries to empower again to these women to speak and let audience to see their exist and how they live in the “national” context and compulsion.
《抽屜隱史》
Hidden Herstory in the Drawer
2021，裝置，Installation
一個檔案鐵櫃，一格格的抽屜，關於「她們」的歷史檔案在其中，紅色花朵從櫃子縫隙長出盛開。
A file cabinet, drawer by drawer, contains the historical file about ‘these women,’ with red flowers blooming and bursting through the crevices of the cabinet.
《滿地紅》
Red flag
由女性內衣拼貼縫製的國旗，「她們」是歷史的掉落的一頁，飄落迴盪。
This Taiwan flag sewn from collaged pieces of women’s lingerie, the stories of “these women” represent a fallen page of history.
參考資料
竹中信子（2007），《日治台灣生活史–日本女人在台灣（明治篇 1895-1911）》，時報出版社。朱德蘭（2019），《臺灣慰安婦》，五南出版社。洪婉琦（2001），《台北市娼妓管理辦法之研究（1967－1999）》，國立臺灣師範大學歷史研究所碩士論文。姚惠耀（2019），《戰後臺灣「軍中樂園」研究（1951-1992）》，國立臺灣師範大學系所: 臺灣史研究所碩士論文。陳中勳（2015），《亞美混血兒，亞細亞的孤兒：追尋美軍在台灣的冷戰身影》國立交通大學社會與文化研究所碩士論文。陳玉箴（2013），〈政權轉移下的消費空間轉型：戰後初期的公共食堂與酒家（1945-1962）〉，國立政治大學歷史學報，201305 (39 期)，頁 211。陳長慶（2006），《金門特約茶室》；李錫隆（2006），〈烽火歲月的金門特約茶室序〉，《金門特約茶室》，金縣文化局。陳姃湲（2013），＜洄瀾花娘，後來居上–日治時期花蓮港遊廓的形成與發展〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，21：49-119。梁秋虹（2003），《社會的下半身試論日本殖民時期的性治理》，國立清華大學社會學研究所碩士論文，頁 16。―（2012），〈導讀多重的底層、複寫的邊緣史〉，《看不見的殖民邊緣：日治台灣邊緣史讀本》，頁 8-29，玉山社。趙忠玉（1965），＜明清兩代臺北的保安措施＞，《臺北文獻》，8：68-96。23